2016-05-14.log

--- Log opened Sat May 14 00:00:14 2016
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thekrynn_was wondering if someone could help me with a Q about ASIC devices00:06
Taekthekrynn_: better to just ask the question00:06
thekrynn_From what I understand about ASIC, you can use it to generate SHA256d (people say that it's useless for anything besides mining)00:07
thekrynn_what im wondering is... if i had an actual use to do so, is there an ASIC device that would allow me to take a preexisting list of numbers and sha256d them to a file?00:07
thekrynn_or to stdout or to a program... etc...00:08
TaekYou can write an ASIC to do any computation you want00:08
Taekthe thing about an ASIC is that it only does *one* type of computation00:08
thekrynn_basically im trying to find a different way to hash a list of input data00:08
thekrynn_instead of doing it via CPU (which is very computationally heavy)00:08
thekrynn_type of hash... doesnt matter to me00:09
thekrynn_as long as it's considered random00:09
TaekASICs are extremely expensive to manufacture, I doubt that's the solution you want00:09
Taekfor hashing, GPUs are often faster than CPUs by a factor of 10-10000:09
thekrynn_so i couldnt repurpose exists ASIC's to do that?00:09
Taekalso, blake2 is very fast00:09
thekrynn_ive found it faster, although CUDA seems to be the bottleneck00:10
Taekno, you can't repurpose existing ASICs00:10
Taekthe inability to repurpose them is what makes them ASICs :P00:10
thekrynn_im waiting on the pascal series00:10
thekrynn_so ASIC refers to the workflow more so than the computation00:10
thekrynn_a lot of forms ive been looking through seem to be misinformed about that00:11
Taekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit00:11
thekrynn_ie.. ive read 100s of pages that say "oh if you want to do sha256d, yeah.. you can use them all day long"00:11
thekrynn_when talking about bitcoin usbs00:11
Taekwell, if your data looks sufficiently like a Bitcoin header, or if the ASIC is general enough to take arbitrarily sized input, then you might be able to reuse the ASIC00:13
thekrynn_my workflow is basically:00:13
thekrynn_integer with padding -> hash of any type >= 32char00:13
Taeka single integer?00:13
thekrynn_yup... im basically doing this for billions of integers00:14
thekrynn_and im doign them one by one00:14
Taekthen yes, you could probably get that to work with a Bitcoin miner, bitcoin headers are 80 bytes00:14
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Taekcan I ask why you are hashing billions of integers?00:14
thekrynn_data science00:14
Taekmore specifically?00:14
thekrynn_set theory approximation00:15
thekrynn_which has to do with hash byte ordering overlap00:15
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thekrynn_the very basics of it:00:16
thekrynn_count estimation using hashmaps00:16
thekrynn_http://highscalability.com/blog/2012/4/5/big-data-counting-how-to-count-a-billion-distinct-objects-us.html00:16
thekrynn_GPU is definitly faster, but there's a per thread lock, so scaling it becomes difficult from a sheer PCIe quantity perspective00:17
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thekrynn_wasn't sure if its possible to talk to these devices with custom written binaries just like mining binaries do it00:25
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Taekbsm1175321: CodeShark: anyone else interested in Braids: http://blog.sia.tech/2016/05/14/towards-a-sub-second-block-size/00:47
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bsm1175321Taek: i'll put my braids code on github today, so you can make prettier diagrams.  ;-)08:10
bsm1175321I've gone back and forth on exactly how a rewards algorithm should work, it would be good to discuss, and simulate...08:10
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nshoO08:11
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nshTaek, whose blog is that at sia?08:12
bsm1175321It's his. ;-)08:12
nshah, grand :)08:13
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Taekbsm1175321: my rewards strategy targeted fairness as much as possible. All miners should get the same winnings per hashrate08:42
c0rw1nsooo "put all the miners in the same pool, problem solved" ?08:43
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Taekc0rw1n: did you read the post? It makes pooling almost unnecessary.09:01
c0rw1nhaven't read no :-/ but then i'm mostly lurking here for the insightainment (which is better than drugs) because i'm totally unqualified to actually contribute09:02
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CodeSharkTaek: thanks for the post - it's an improvement over the napkin drawings ;)09:15
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bsm1175321Taek: fairness, defined as constant reward/hashrate is easy to achieve, but I've been worrying also about delayed blocks and what to do about them.10:44
bsm1175321In bitcoin they cause the selfish mining problem -- which doesn't occur if miners can't write their own coinbase, eliminating that race.10:44
bsm1175321With braids, delayed blocks cause cohort size to increase, which if taken to far is a denial-of-service, because creating a cohort is O(n^2), and the size of the cohort grows exponentially fast with decreasing block/bead time.10:46
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bsm1175321Long ago I proposed a reward weighting which punishes slow blocks, but this also creates an incentive to centralize, and a dis-incentive to run over an anonymizing network e.g. Tor/I2P.10:47
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bsm1175321So right now I'm thinking to simply have a constant reward per bead, and add a hard cutoff for *very* late beads (they would be discarded).10:49
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bsm1175321Taek: commenting is disabled on your blog.  Would you like feedback here?11:12
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bsm1175321It strikes me that (in bitcoin) since miners report time in their blocks, and that time is used in the retarget calculation, there's an incentive for miners to mis-report the time so as to increase the coins allocated per unit real-time.11:40
bsm1175321In bitcoin blocks can mis-report time by up to 2 hours, and with a retarget window of 2 weeks, miners could systematically report times 2-hours later than actual, to cause an increase in coin allocation of 0.6% per retarget interval.11:41
bsm1175321Pursuing such a strategy results in an 85% APY...what's to stop miners from doing this, today?11:42
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Taekbsm1175321: feedback here is good. There's a way for me to enable comments but I forget how11:50
TaekI have an unforgiving cutoff for late blocks, more than ~10 minutes late and you get no reward. If you can't propagate your block in 10 minutes you simply can't mine.11:51
TaekToday, miners could misreport time to keep the difficulty low, but full nodes will reject blocks that are too far into the future.11:52
TaekI don't like the way that Bitcoin depends on time but don't have a better solution, I've thought about it quite a bit though11:53
TaekThe increased revenue is pretty small compared to the sacrifice of having a chain that most nodes won't accept until X hours later. Every 25btc of income requires you to push the chain permanently forward by 10 minutes11:57
bsm1175321Taek: full nodes would only reject blocks that are more than 2 hours late.  So the strategy is to misreport time to be *close* to but less than 2 hours late.  I don't think any sacrifice is required.12:03
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katubsm1175321: that would be so if the block time median lived in vacuum, but afaik block time is compared to external time12:03
c0rw1nhm, but wouldn't other miners be likely to find blocks within those 2hrs? or is that counted in already and i'm being an idiot again12:03
katuso its not possible to induce time drift, unless you move system clocks on majority of nodes too12:04
bsm1175321katu: One miner couldn't do it alone, but if all miners decided to move their clocks forward by 2 hours, they could increase the coin allocation by 85%/year.12:04
bsm1175321Taek: I put some comments to your blog post here: http://0bin.net/paste/926g44RM6673mlyl#N2OX0WCSPcbVcKRb1u56Zk0m2gNlZsQHVgcQR8PEahT12:05
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katubsm1175321: no, once they step over the 2 hours, majority of network would simply reject the blocks, permanently.12:05
katubsm1175321: this is form of secnodary, online consensus12:05
katubsm1175321: of course for offline consensus what you say is true, but the blocks would not propagate12:05
katuso indeed if you mount 51% attack, go ahead and drift time12:06
katubut you can do better if you can do 51% :)12:06
bsm1175321katu: aha, gotcha, interesting.12:06
bsm1175321I wouldn't want to play that game near the 2 hour line...The forkmageddon cometh...12:06
katubsm1175321: indeed, the more your clock is adrift, the higher orphan rate12:07
katu(from a non-colluding miner POV)12:07
dEBRUYNEbsm117531: The Monero Research Lab (MRL) has a working paper on this subject as well -> https://github.com/monero-project/research-lab/blob/60a63a3b5d3f50afd504a76193925f0a132b7bb4/publications/MRL-0006%20-%20Difficulty%20Adjustment%20Algorithms%20in%20Cryptocurrency%20Protocols/main.tex12:08
pigeonsbest is to timewarp12:08
dEBRUYNEAbstract: As of this writing, the algorithm employed for difficulty adjustment in the12:08
dEBRUYNECryptoNote reference code is known by the Monero Research Lab to be flawed.12:08
dEBRUYNEWe describe and illustrate the nature of the flaw and recommend a solution. By12:08
dEBRUYNEdishonestly reporting timestamps, attackers can gain disproportionate control12:08
dEBRUYNEover network difficulty. We verify this route of attack by auditing the CryptoNote12:08
dEBRUYNEreference difficulty adjustment code, which, we reimplement in the Python12:08
dEBRUYNEprogramming language. We use a stochastic model of blockchain growth to test12:08
dEBRUYNEthe CryptoNote reference difficulty formula against the more traditional Bitcoin12:08
dEBRUYNEdifficulty formula. This allows us to test our difficulty formula against various12:08
dEBRUYNEhash rate scenarios.12:08
katubsm1175321: somewhat related to your concerns was a bug in bitcoind long time ago. a concerned miner effort could drive difficulty down by slightly drifting time12:08
katubsm1175321: afaik not even 51% was necessary12:08
katu(i have no idea what exactly was the problem, some sort of block off by one in difficulty readjust)12:09
pigeonsit still exists12:09
pigeonsit was fixed in altcoins because they get exploited12:09
pigeonsbecause hash majority is obviously easier to obtain there12:10
bsm1175321FYI, braids provide a new mechanism for difficulty retargeting: minimizing the cohort time.  It can get the block (cohort) time down around 1s, set by the inherent latency of the network.  (similar to Taek's blog post above)12:10
pigeonshttps://github.com/litecoin-project/litecoin/commit/b1be77210970a6ceb3680412cc3d2f0dd4ca8fb912:10
katupigeons: thanks :)12:11
katupigeons: ah, so one needs 51% for all 2016 blocks12:12
pigeonshttps://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=43692.msg521772#msg52177212:12
katugot confused by altcoins with short readjust where getting "51%" by chance is much more likely12:13
bsm1175321dEBRUYNE: If like me you're too lazy to check out the monero repo and latex that paper yourself, here you go: http://www.trollandtoad.com/p131769.html12:13
dEBRUYNEbsm1175321: Sorry you can use this -> https://github.com/zcash/zcash/issues/147#issuecomment-20341904712:19
katudEBRUYNE: so much drama12:20
katuKGW12:20
* katu shivers12:20
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Taekkatu: blocks that are more than 2 hours in the future are not rejected permanently, they are only rejected until they are no longer 2 hours in the future12:26
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Taekin the meantime, other miners could build a fork, but if the future-time fork is heavier, the future-time fork will eventually win, unless the current fork sufficiently close12:27
katuTaek: i meant in context of online consensus (where you constantly race with rest of the network). in offline they indeed are eventually accepted.12:27
katuTaek: yeah, but the future time still has to be 51% collusion. one interesting scenario would be indeed pools collectively doing this in a race to the bottom (as they compete for profitability)12:28
katuif there weren't fears of backlash and crashing the price they might've done so already12:29
Taekif the future fork is mining with say, 90% of the hashpower, there's little risk that it will lose. In fact, it's a good mechanism to double spend because blocks in the current fork will always be reorg'd once time catches up to the future fork12:29
katuthen again, i dont see why people worry so much about this, its a collusion like any other12:30
katuif miners collude, the protocol is doomed in a lot of ways12:30
Taekwell, the effective throughput is kept at 1mb. Miners may be able to secure their winnings ahead of time, but they can't collect them any faster than they already could12:31
Taekin that sense, there's not much to gain from the collusion here12:31
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Taekbsm1175321: with regards to point 1 in your comments, as soon as the double-spender releases the first block, people are going to start building on it. By the time they release the second block, there will be a lot of work burying the original block12:37
Taekfurthermore, per protocol rules, they have to release that second block within ~10 minutes otherwise it's going to have an illegal gap when it gets merged into the broader chain12:37
Taekbasically, you've only got a tight window in which you can double spend. After about 10 minutes, the chances of a successful double spend drop dramatically12:38
Taekthis is equivalent to waiting for 1 confirmation in Bitcoin12:38
Taek*2 confirmations12:38
Taekbecause the block rate is so much higher, the probability that an accidental reorg disrupts a 5MB confirmation is virtually zero, and the probability that a 49% hashrate attacker can execute a double spend on more than 6MB is also near-zero12:40
TaekI haven't done the exact math but I'm guessing you start approaching cryptographic-grade probability after a block is confirmed by as little as 6MB12:40
Taek(for anyone who didn't read, in the 'Jute' proposal height is measured by block size instead of by block count, and difficulty is set proportional to block size)12:41
TaekFor point 2, allowing conflicting blocks is required for fairness. If we disallow conflicting blocks, a miner with better network connection or better hashrate is going to be able to mine blocks strategically such that competing miners will end up mining losing conflicting blocks12:42
bsm1175321Taek: Releasing blocks in such a manner causes them to be "parallel" with respect to the cohort structure (e.g. in the same cohort), so it's impossible to tell which came first, from graph structure alone.12:43
bsm1175321I agree it's a tight window.12:43
Taekhow do you resolve having two parallel but conflicting blocks?12:44
bsm1175321They define forks, as usual.12:44
Taekhow do you select a fork then?12:44
bsm1175321By the usual highest-work rule.12:44
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Taekok, so blocks aren't allowed to commit to cohorts with conflicts12:45
bsm1175321If miners aren't making this selection, the number of forks explodes.  This is basically the miner's entire job.  (but see the "inclusive blockchain" idea of "direct simulation")12:46
Taekbut that does mean that you will have winners and losers12:46
Taekwell, having an exact ordering resolves this problem12:46
bsm1175321Of course.  If you mine on a conflicting fork, you do lose.12:46
bsm1175321This loss is basically a consequence of the speed of light, and non-synchronous nature of reality.  I don't think there's any way to "fix" it that can't be gamed.12:47
Taekit's bad to lose, because if you have a slow network connection, you won't know if you are mining on a block which might be in conflict or not12:47
TaekI think Jute effectively resolves this problem :)12:47
TaekIt's made possible with the strict ordering12:47
Taek*exact ordering12:48
bsm1175321I'm aware that's possible -- I've thought about it because if you want to run a network like Ethereum on such a structure, you're required to make a total ordering of all transactions, due to data dependency.12:48
bsm1175321Because of the lack of external dependencies in bitcoin's script, it's trivial to determine the data dependency of its transactions, because it reduces to the dependency of its inputs.12:50
Taekin Jute, there is great uncertainty about the utxo set for the recent 5MB of activity, if you haven't seen all the blocks you aren't sure what order things are going to be in, and therefore which double spends will be selected by the network12:50
bsm1175321An interesting consequence of this is that a bitcoin-like script network can be faster than an Ethereum-like network by around a factor of 4.12:50
Taekbut, after the 5MB barrier, it's very unlikely that the set you know will be reorged12:50
Taekeffectively, Jute does not change the confirmation time that Bitcoin has, though it does increase the block rate12:51
bsm1175321Taek: I think you need to more clearly define what the UTXO set is and how/when/where it gets defined, WRT the blocks.  Iota is making this mistake.  They effectively never have a UTXO set.12:51
Taekok, should be pretty easy12:52
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bsm1175321If you allow conflicting parents, your UTXO sets multiply...12:52
TaekThe utxo set is defined by the tip of the longest thread that you are aware of, but, the 'confirmed' utxo set is defined starting from the block 5MB backwards from that12:53
Taekno, because after you order the parents, you can eliminate the conflicting transations12:53
Taekso, you accept the transactions as a part of the chain, but not as a part of consensus12:53
bsm1175321Each conflicting tx in each parent has to be in a different UTXO set.12:53
Taek*losing internet12:53
Taek(travelling)12:54
bsm1175321Ok.  I'm gonna put my braids code up.  Obviously I'm too slow with this and people are interested... ;-)12:54
Taekwith regards to point #3, difficulty is also tied to block size. Miners are expected to make fake transactions if there are no real transactions to fill the void12:55
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Taekthere's some room for network + validation optimization there obviously, perhaps a giant empty OP_RETURN would be allowed or something12:56
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katubsm1175321: honestly, all the GHOST-like proposals i've seen ultimately lack the elegance of simplicity12:56
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katustate machines which are only intuitively reasoned about, instead of simple graphs seem scarier to me12:57
bsm1175321katu: I'm not a fan of GHOST, nor Ethereum's variant.  It seems extremely arbitrary.12:57
bsm1175321Taek: I'm not a fan of saturating everyone's network link either... :-/12:58
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katubsm1175321: are you talking about https://scalingbitcoin.org/hongkong2015/presentations/DAY2/2_breaking_the_chain_1_mcelrath.pdf right?12:58
bsm1175321katu: yes13:00
bsm1175321There's an "On-Chain Scaling" virtual conference, that's the next time I'm going to talk about this...13:00
Taekbsm1175321: you can optimize out the empty txns at the network layer. Though my current assumption is that there will be enough legit transactions to keep everyone saturated regardless.13:00
Taek*following increased adoption13:00
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bsm1175321Taek: then what's the point of actually creating blocks that saturate the bandwidth?  You could just give fixed rewards, independent of the block size instead, and it has the same effect as the optimal miner strategy in your proposal.13:01
TaekIf it's not clear, Jute does have a fixed reward/time setup. The difficulty adjustment does cause some variance, but it's not large13:01
TaekGlad you asked, it's not yet explained in the post. The point of having variable block difficulties is to allow tiny miners to be able to solo-mine.13:03
TaekAt 5kb, you can find a block every day with a $2000 ASIC, which is a high enough frequency to allow solo-mining13:03
katuTaek: if i get it right, in jute, small miners can gang up in a fork (with succession of low difficulty, but numerous blocks) and overpower powerful miner branch, right?13:04
Taekon the other hand, because of things like CoinJoin and CT, you may want transaction much larger than 5kb13:04
Taekkatu: yeah, by merging eachothers chains, they effectively act as a pool without actually needing to be a pool13:05
Taekand then as soon as the big miner releases its blocks, those blocks can be merged as well, without permission13:05
katuTaek: they'd still need to gang up intelligently, to avoid orphans, ie there would have to be different bandwidth tiers. obviously the smaller miner you are, the more bandiwdth / lower latency you need13:06
TaekA big miner with <50% hashrate is not going to be able to create a thread that outpaces the rest of the network, though the miner may be able to maintain short term leads due to latency advantages13:06
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bsm1175321katu: There should be no orphans in such a setup.13:06
katubsm1175321: ultimately what it does is lower block rate13:06
katuor more like, each branch runs at its own pace13:06
bsm1175321katu: that's one consequence, yes.13:07
katubsm1175321: so you get geographically separated "gangs"13:07
katuone swarm in china, one in europe13:07
katuthey'll keep orphaning each other13:07
Taekkatu: where do the orphans happen? The gangs will keep merging eachother, and form effectively larger gangs13:08
Taekthe deadline for a merge is set to be large enough that blocks can **easily** propagate all over the world13:08
katuTaek: im assuming the rest more or less works like bitcoin, i didnt realize its ghost-like which can adopt orphans :(13:08
Taekwhy ':(' ?13:09
katuTaek: complex graph, or more like, complex state machine to implement the graph rules13:09
Taekthe incentive structure is much better than in GHOST13:09
Taekoh13:09
Taekit's not that complex :P13:09
Taekthe only complexity is in knowing how to create the exact ordering. Once you have that, it operates basically the same way as the bitcoin blockchain13:10
katuTaek: i'd be fine with gangs orphaning each other, and instead implement complex heuristics in networking to incentivize orphan avoidance13:10
katuwhich would be neater as the consensus rules would stay "clear", and gangs would be forced to self organize according to internet topology instead13:10
katuwhat youre doing with fancy graphs is working around laggy internet13:11
Taekthe graph building has 2 rules!13:11
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bsm1175321katu: I think that's one way to look at it.  It's taking the laggy internet, and its actual topology into account, instead of throwing out a number like "10 minutes" (which is way slower than dictated by the network) and hoping it works.13:12
katuTaek: exact ordering of what? transactions?13:12
Taekkatu: exact ordering of blocks13:12
katuhmm13:12
Taekyou have this DAG graph that's messy, and then you have 2 simple rules for turning it into a standard chain13:12
katuTaek: im mostly concerned about conflicting transactions. and various unintended consequences, like introducing conflicts to influence graph shape13:13
pigeons10 minutes does work13:13
katuyep, 10 minutes is simple and elegant :)13:13
Taekthe graph ordering is fully ignorant of the transaction contents13:13
bsm1175321pigeons: It does, but it's at least 600 times slower than necessary.  And inelegant.13:13
katuif you want instant transactions, there are better way to do it13:14
pigeonsits likely slower than necesary, but i'm a long way from agreeing with your 600 times premise13:14
katulike make previous transactions to vouch for priority ("instant") transactions to be included in future block, form loose online consensus, and then vouch future blocks when it includes the instant transactions. it is still prone to small race windows which must be judged by tx recipient, but ultimately, one can do it without making the base consensus complex13:15
katuand can be moved out of it13:15
bsm1175321pigeons: actual ping times are ~500ms round trip.13:15
katu*previous winning miners13:15
katubsm1175321: real self-organizing p2p can do about 25013:17
katuie approach the technical values13:17
bsm1175321katu: I know.  That's the goal.  So pigeons that's a factor of 2400.  :-P13:17
katui still see no need for introducing complex graph, when orphan rate itself is incentive for miners to seek optimal network propagation13:18
bsm1175321The orphan problem results in the selfish mining problem, halving the security of the network.13:18
katuselfish mining vanishes the moment rewards are from fees13:19
bsm1175321Also, 10 minutes is way to damn long for me.13:19
pigeonsany decrease from 10 minutes isnt worth the risks 10 minutes is so quick ompared to days!13:20
katuyeah, waiting for 60 permanently competing forks inflight to converge is no fun ;_;13:21
bsm1175321pigeons: So it's on any alternative proposal to prove there are no risks, or the risks are acceptable compared to the risks with bitcoin as it stands...13:21
katubut thats mostly bitcoin network code dont make an attempt to self-organize in low latency cliques13:21
katu*mostly because13:21
katuwhich it could, with no need for hard forks.13:22
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