Great paper Ittay, thanks for all your work on this.

> Today the threshold is 0% with good connectivity.

Fig. 2 captures this well, the threshold is only zero if 'y' is 1. In  
Section 6 and 6.1 you argue y -> 1 but the sybil attack you describe,  
isn't that more like how *all* sophisticated miners would want to ensure  
their blocks are widely propagated? I think you can't assume only the  
selfish miner is doing it.

Based on the current  'first seen' algorithm, as you say, competing  
longest chains happen about every 60 blocks.  The rest of the time, a  
single block propagates through the vast majority of the network  
'uncontested'.  If there are multiple valid longest blocks being  
simultaneously propagated, then  propagation pattern of the competing  
blocks will determine hash rate on each.

Selfish mining requires exploiting the race condition between learning  
about a competing block, and publishing your own. Usually we talk about  
minimizing publishing latency so that your block ends up uncontested 59/60  
times, and in the 1/60 times, even then your block has the best chance of  
winning.

Selfish mining forgoes the 59/60 chance of your block being uncontested,  
and instead chooses to 'race the network' every time. You start 'one step  
behind' the competing block (since of course you only learn about it after  
it starts propagating), so you must rely on being able to outrace  
propagation of the competing block through a private low-latency  
side-network which can inject your block at multiple points throughout the  
bitcoin p2p network to outrace the competitor.

I think it's a stretch to say 'y' is 0 with good connectivity. Even the  
best connected mining pools today are concerned with this 'y' factor.

Here's a probably very dumb idea... to throw out one possible "solution"...

You want a way to fake-out the 'selfish miner' into disclosing their  
blocks -- how can your force their hand to prevent them from accumulating  
longer private chains?

What if you propagate (and relay) an encrypted block header which honest  
miners will timestamp when they receive it, then 10 seconds later  
propagate the decryption key to unblind it. But here's the catch - maybe  
the decryption results in junk, maybe it results a new longer block. If  
it's a real block then it gets priority based on when the ciphertext was  
received instead of when the decryption key was received. Now 'selfish  
miner' can't race the network anymore, because they are always in state 0'  
and can't tell if they are up against a ghost, or a real competing block.  
If they wait for the decryption key to check, it's too late, and they are  
guaranteed to lose unless they can out-race the network, e.g. back at  
t=50%. Of course there would need to be some way to anti-DDoS this which  
allows for some amount of these fake-outs without letting them get out of  
hand.

Thanks,
Jeremy