Session Start: Tue Nov 18 13:12:49 2008 Session Ident: #Chemistry [13:12] * Now talking in #Chemistry [13:12] * chemistry.gravitywaves.com sets mode: +nt [15:49] * NADH has joined #Chemistry [15:59] * DrSturm has joined #Chemistry [16:01] Hi...........Good afternoon. I have question about Citric Acid cycle. Does it occur in mitochondrion? [16:02] Yes [16:02] so from glycolysis to pyruvate [16:03] then pyruvate to CAC [16:03] right? [16:03] Glycolysis is the pathway that converts glucose, galactose and fructose into pyruvate [16:04] does the pyruvate enter to the mitochondria always? [16:04] or goes to the mitochondria [16:05] It is converted into Acetyl CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex then into the citric acid cycle (mitochondria) [16:06] pyruvate and CAC are always inthe mitochondria? [16:06] I mean it always happen in the mitochondria [16:07] Pyruvate is found in many places and is a key intermediate in many metabolic pathways. The Citric Acid Cycle is a mitochondric event [16:11] on your notes, you state that reducing sugar are the state of the oxygen on the anomeric carbon [16:12] The state of the oxygen attached to the anomeric carbon determines wether a sugar can reduce copper or iron. [16:12] so what is the opposite of that? [16:13] if there is no oxygen attached on the anomeric carbon [16:13] The oxygen is bonded to something, usually another monosaccharide [16:13] is there a term also called non reducing sugars? [16:14] By default, a sugar that can not reduce copper or iron [16:15] what does enantiomers do on the structure? [16:16] what does enantiomers do on the sugar structure? [16:16] Sugars have many stereoisomers, the D- and L-sugars are enantiomers [16:17] so the stereoisomers are chiral carbon? [16:18] Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images and they are chiral molecules [16:19] what do you mean by chiral? [16:19] does it found everywhere? or noly in sugars? [16:19] A chiral carbon is a carbon with four different groups attached to it. [16:21] does amino acid or protein has chiral carbon too? [16:22] The alpha carbon in an amino acid is chiral [16:23] does the PPP occur in mitochondria too? or you can also happen everywhere? [16:25] Cytosol, if you look back at the "Chemistry of Life/The Cell" lecture there is a diagram showing where in the cell the various pathways occur [16:27] when a person eat glucose, it goes to the liver, brain, and rbc, so there will be absence of insulin? [16:28] why there is an absence of insulin when you take glucose? [16:28] Glucose goes to the liver, brain and RBC's, the liver then signals the pancreas to release insulin allowing all cells to utilize glucose [16:31] is there a specific enzyme in the liver that give signals to the pancrease? [16:34] when the glucose goes to the liver, then liver secrete glucose. This glocuse will go everywhere? or does it also go to the pancrease? [16:34] as well too [16:35] The signal for the liver has not yet been elucidated [16:35] glucose going to the liver does not cause the liver to release glucose, a fasted state causes it to release glucose [16:38] when the glucose reaches the liver, at the sametime it also signals pancrease to release insulin? [16:39] Yes [16:40] what if the person is hypoglycemia? is there less insulin to release in pancrease? [16:41] Hypoglycemia means low blood sugar, no insulin around [16:43] glycosidic bond is the other word for glycosidic linkage? [16:43] Yes [16:47] so insulin snesitive is releasing insulin in pancrease with the involve of glucose? [16:48] Insulin sensitive tissues can not use glucose without insulin [16:49] so both present at the same time? [16:51] High blood sugar (glucose) triggers the release of insulin [16:57] anomeric carbon is a new asymmetric carbon formed when the suger cyclizes [16:57] Yes [16:57] what do you mean by sugar cyclizes? [17:00] Goes from open chain to pyranose or furanoe ring, look at the animation on the web site in the "Overview of CHO Metabolism" [17:07] I saw it [17:07] thanks [17:10] I will see you tomorrow. Thanks for your help. [17:10] * NADH has quit IRC (Quit: Leaving) [18:01] * DrSturm has quit IRC [18:01] * Disconnected Session Close: Tue Nov 18 18:01:55 2008